In view of the widespread media coverage of the relationship between Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Mr Jordan Bardella, and with the aim of providing clarity and upholding the historical truth, I consider it necessary to issue a statement on the use of the historical titles of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies by members of the two branches of my family.
My cousin Prince Charles of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro, and his wife Camilla, as well as their daughter María Carolina, have created confusion in the media by improperly attributing to the latter a title that does not belong to her: that of Duchess of Calabria.
In order to clarify the historical truth, I shall set out in detail the actual circumstances of the dispute between the two branches of the family.
The first point to underline is that both branches belong genealogically to the same stem, that of the Royal House of the ancient Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The junior genealogical branch is today represented by the Duke and Duchess of Castro, Charles and Camilla, and the senior genealogical branch by the Duke and Duchess of Calabria, Pedro and Sofía.
On 25 January 2014, an agreement (“RECONCILIATION”) was formally concluded between the present Duke of Castro and the present Duke of Calabria. It was signed in the presence of the Duchess of Calabria and the Duchess of Castro, accompanied by family members, with both parties acting with full powers and sufficient authority and in the presence of the relevant witnesses.
The signed agreement makes it unmistakably clear that the junior branch of the Bourbon-Two Sicilies family accepted for itself the titles of Duke and Duchess of Castro (reserved for Charles and Camilla), Duchess of Palermo (granted to Princess María Carolina) and Duchess of Capri (granted to Princess María Chiara).
I wish to state expressly that it was not the Duke of Castro who conferred upon his daughters the titles of Duchess of Palermo and Duchess of Capri, but rather the Duke of Calabria, the Infante Don Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Bourbon-Parma, who, at the proposal of the Duke of Castro and in his capacity as Head of the House, authorised the use of those two titles by the daughters of the Duke of Castro.
On the part of the senior branch, we reserved for ourselves the titles we have always borne: Duke of Calabria, Duke of Noto and Duke of Capua.
History of the Dispute
The origin of the conflict between the two branches of the family goes back to 1960, when Prince Ferdinand Pius of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the eldest son of Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta and Head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, died without male issue. The headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies passed, under the law of primogeniture, to the descendants of his brother, the Infante Don Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, since the latter was the second-born son of the House, immediately after Prince Ferdinand Pius.
I wish to clarify that the Infante Don Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies died before his brother Ferdinand Pius, namely in 1949; he was succeeded as Head of the House by my grandfather, the Infante Don Alfonso, Duke of Calabria and Count of Caserta.
To clarify the succession to the headship of the House, the family tree of the descendants of Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta and Head of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, is reproduced below:
Upon the death of Prince Ferdinand Pius, the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies became the object of a dispute:
- On the one hand, my grandfather Don Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies lawfully assumed the headship of the House according to the rules of primogeniture, since he was the eldest son of the Infante Don Carlos, who would have been the immediate successor of Prince Ferdinand Pius.
- On the other hand stood Prince Ranieri of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. He was the fifth son of Prince Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Caserta. He took advantage both of the close relationship he maintained with his elder brother Ferdinand Pius and of the distance between the residence of my grandfather Alfonso and his own, in order to assume unlawfully the headship of the House. He made use of this circumstance and relied upon the conditional declaration — dependent on the fulfilment of a particular condition — that my great-grandfather the Infante Don Carlos had signed before his marriage to the then Princess of Asturias, Doña María de las Mercedes de Borbón (the so-called Act of Cannes).
The Marriage of the Infante Don Carlos
In December 1900, my great-grandfather the Infante Don Carlos became engaged to the Princess of Asturias, who at that time was the presumptive heiress of her younger brother — the then still under-age, and therefore unmarried, King of Spain, Don Alfonso XIII.
When Don Carlos signed the said Act, he thus made a conditional renunciation of his eventual succession to the throne of the Two Sicilies — in the event that the Princess of Asturias, Doña María de las Mercedes de Borbón, were to ascend the Spanish throne with Don Carlos as her consort.
In this respect he held no more than a mere expectancy of right, which moreover was definitively extinguished only a few years after the Act of Cannes, namely upon the death of his consort, the Princess of Asturias Doña María de las Mercedes, on 17 October 1904.
The said renunciation had been made for the sole purpose of complying with the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction of King Charles III of 6 October 1759 (based on the Treaties of Vienna of 3 October 1735 and 18 October 1738), the purpose of which was to prevent the Crowns of Spain and of the Two Sicilies from being united in a single person.
The Act of Cannes was signed by Don Carlos in 1900, at a time when his brother Ferdinand Pius — the first-born and heir, Duke of Calabria and Head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, who died in 1960 — was still living.
The Act of Cannes was therefore a document relating to the succession to the Crown of Spain, and it never took effect, since the principal condition on which it depended — that the Princess of Asturias should reign as Queen of Spain with Don Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies as her consort — never came to pass.
The dispute over the Act of Cannes was settled and clarified when, on 8 March 1984, the Marqués de Mondéjar, Head of the House of His Majesty the King of Spain, addressed to my father, Don Carlos, Duke of Calabria and Count of Caserta, a letter which reads as follows:
“… in the interest of historical truth and with the aim of clarifying the question of to whom the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and the Grand Mastership of the Constantinian Order of Saint George belong, by order of HIS MAJESTY THE KING and in my capacity as Head of His House, I have sought the opinions and reports of the following bodies: the Ministry of Justice and the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation, on the legal aspects of the question; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the international aspects; the ‘Salazar y Castro’ Institute of the Superior Council for Scientific Research, on the genealogical aspects; and the Council of State, on the historical-legal aspects.
The unanimous concurrence of the opinions and reports issued by the highest bodies and corporations of the Spanish State competent in the matter recognises Your Royal Highness (meaning my father, H.R.H. the Infante Don Carlos) as holder of the headship of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and of the Grand Mastership of the Constantinian Order of Saint George.”
Whoever has read these opinions and reports will find that they all agree on two conclusions:
- The conditional renunciation by Don Carlos through the Act of Cannes produced no legal effect whatsoever.
- It would not have been binding on his descendants.
It must further be stressed that the said conditional renunciation in any case concerned exclusively the possible rights of Don Carlos to the succession of the Crown of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and not the right to be Head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (as established in an opinion of the Spanish Council of State of 2 February 1984).
Nor does the Act of Cannes constitute a renunciation by Don Carlos of the allodial property, and still less of the Grand Mastership of the Sacred and Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (as established in the opinion of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation of 6 May 1983).
The Reconciliation of 2014
Our position as Head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies being thus entirely clear, it seemed absurd to allow this dispute to continue from generation to generation. To this end, with my father’s consent, I promoted a rapprochement that came to fruition in 2014, bringing great joy to all family members and friends who support both branches.
We formally concluded this agreement in Naples on 25 January 2014 (Annex I), surrounded by our families, witnesses and friends. Both parties publicly announced the joyful news (Annex II). Regrettably, shortly after the signing of the agreement, I came to realise that my cousin Charles neither abided by it nor respected it. The fact that Charles and Camilla have broken their word does not change my position; my family and I shall continue to respect the 2014 agreement in full:
Declaration of 12 May 2016
Following our 2014 agreement, each time the Duke and Duchess of Castro failed to honour it, I personally raised my protest, until I understood that they had no intention whatsoever of abiding by what had been signed. Therefore, upon learning of their unilateral declaration of 12 May 2016, I had no choice but to respond with the declaration I issued at that time (Annex III). This annex contains the following documents:
- Official communiqué of 21 May 2016.
- The last letter from the Duke of Calabria to the Duke of Castro, dated 28 May 2016.
- Communiqué to all the Knights and Dames of the Constantinian Order of Saint George, dated 29 June 2016.
Final Considerations
Even were I inclined to amend the laws of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, in my capacity as Head of the House I would not be empowered to do so unilaterally, since in a Royal House the rules of succession cannot be altered by the sole decision of the one who holds its headship. A change of this nature could occur only under one of the following conditions: that a Parliament should lawfully ratify such a change — which in the present case is both formally and materially impossible — or that there should be absolute consensus within the family on such an initiative.
It must be recalled that the Constantinian Order of Saint George is governed by the Farnese succession, whose fundamental and unalterable statute rests on the principles of male succession and strict primogeniture. Consequently, its headship always belongs to the eldest male, who transmits it to the next male in the order of succession, and so forth.
Moreover, the Order is governed by statutes and papal bulls in force; accordingly, any eventual amendment of its rules of succession would necessarily require the assent of His Holiness the Pope, expressed by a corresponding papal bull.
Conclusions
From all the foregoing, the following conclusions may be drawn:
Princess María Carolina may use the title of Duchess of Palermo, as agreed in 2014. She has, however, no right whatsoever to call herself Duchess of Calabria.
The agreement signed in 2014 is the only valid one; having been signed by all parties and with the consensus of the family, it was final and binding.
On 5 November 2015, one month after the passing of my beloved father, H.R.H. the Infante Don Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Calabria and Count of Caserta, I assumed the honour and responsibility of succeeding him as Head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Grand Master of the Constantinian Order of Saint George (Annex IV).
In view of the foregoing, and for the reasons set out in this communiqué, which I issue in my capacity as Head of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, I trust I have clarified the situation regarding the lawful use of the titles and dignities that belong to the House, and I express my sincere hope that my cousin the Duke of Castro will respect the provisions of the Reconciliation agreement that we both signed on 25 January 2014, in the presence of the members of both our families.
Madrid, 1 June 2026
Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Duke of Calabria
Count of Caserta
Head of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies